Percussion instruments are a fascinating part of the music world. From the deep thump of a bass drum to the delicate tinkle of a xylophone, percussion instruments come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and sounds. In this guide, we will explore some of the lesser-known percussion instruments, including their unique sounds and the cultures that have shaped them. We will also provide tips on how to play them and the different techniques used to create their distinctive sounds. Whether you are a seasoned musician or just starting out, this guide will help you discover the rich world of percussion instruments and the diverse range of sounds they can produce. So, let’s get started and explore the unique sounds of rare percussion pieces!
Understanding Percussion Instruments
Types of Percussion Instruments
Percussion instruments are musical instruments that produce sound when struck or scraped by a beater, mallet, or other implement. There are numerous types of percussion instruments, each with its unique sound and characteristics. Some of the most common types of percussion instruments include:
Drums
Drums are percussion instruments that consist of a hollow body and a skin or membrane stretched across one or both ends. The sound is produced by striking the skin with a drumstick or mallet. Drums come in various sizes, from small hand drums to large orchestral drums. They are used in many genres of music, including rock, jazz, and classical music.
Cymbals
Cymbals are percussion instruments that consist of a metal plate that is struck with a drumstick or mallet. They produce a bright, metallic sound and are used in many genres of music, including jazz, rock, and classical music. Cymbals come in various sizes, from small ride cymbals to large crash cymbals.
Gongs
Gongs are percussion instruments that produce a deep, resonant sound when struck with a mallet. They are made of brass or bronze and are used in many genres of music, including classical music and traditional Asian music. Gongs come in various sizes, from small temple gongs to large concert gongs.
Maracas
Maracas are percussion instruments that consist of a hollow gourd or shell filled with small beads or pebbles. They produce a bright, rhythmic sound when shaken. Maracas are used in many genres of music, including salsa, calypso, and reggae.
Bells
Bells are percussion instruments that produce a bright, ringing sound when struck with a mallet. They are made of metal and come in various sizes, from small hand bells to large church bells. Bells are used in many genres of music, including classical music and traditional Asian music.
Xylophone
The xylophone is a percussion instrument that consists of a series of wooden bars of different lengths and widths. The sound is produced by striking the bars with mallets. Xylophones come in various sizes, from small toy xylophones to large orchestral xylophones. They are used in many genres of music, including classical music and traditional African music.
Vibraphone
The vibraphone is a percussion instrument that consists of a series of metal bars of different lengths and widths. The sound is produced by striking the bars with mallets and using a motorized vibrato mechanism. Vibraphones come in various sizes, from small combo vibes to large orchestral vibes. They are used in many genres of music, including jazz and classical music.
Timpani
Timpani are percussion instruments that consist of a hollow bowl with a movable foot pedal. The sound is produced by striking the bowl with a mallet. Timpani come in various sizes, from small orchestral timpani to large concert timpani. They are used in many genres of music, including classical music and traditional Asian music.
Snare drum
The snare drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp, staccato sound when struck with a drumstick or mallet. It has a deep, cylindrical body and a snare wire that is tightened across the bottom head. Snare drums come in various sizes, from small drum sets to large orchestral snare drums. They are used in many genres of music, including rock, jazz, and classical music.
Bass drum
The bass drum is a percussion instrument that produces a deep, resonant sound when struck with a drumstick or mallet. It has a large, cylindrical body and a head at one end. Bass drums come in various sizes, from small drum sets to large orchestral bass drums. They are used in many genres of music, including rock, jazz, and classical music.
Percussion Instruments Used in Different Cultures
Percussion instruments have been an integral part of human culture since time immemorial. Each culture has its unique set of percussion instruments that reflect its history, traditions, and values. In this section, we will explore some of the most popular percussion instruments used in different cultures around the world.
African Drums
African drums have been used for centuries in various cultural ceremonies, religious rituals, and social gatherings. These drums are typically made from natural materials such as wood, gourds, and animal skins. The most common types of African drums include:
- Djembe: A goblet-shaped drum with a skin head, originally used by the Mandinka people of West Africa.
- Talking drum: A long, narrow drum with a skin head, used by the Yoruba people of Nigeria to communicate messages over long distances.
- Shekere: A small, rattle-like drum made from a gourd and covered with beads, used by the Hausa people of West Africa.
Latin American Drums
Latin American drums have a rich history and are an essential part of the region’s vibrant music and dance traditions. Some of the most popular Latin American drums include:
- Salsa drum: A set of drums used in salsa music, consisting of a bass drum, a conga, and a bongo.
- Tumba: A large, deep drum used in Afro-Cuban music, played with the hands or sticks.
- Cajon: A box-shaped drum played with the hands or sticks, originally used by Peruvian flamenco dancers.
Indian Drums
Indian drums have been used in traditional music and dance forms for thousands of years. Some of the most popular Indian drums include:
- Tabla: A pair of small drums played with the fingers and used in classical Indian music.
- Mridangam: A large, double-headed drum used in Carnatic music, played with the hands or sticks.
- Dholak: A small, single-headed drum used in popular Indian music and traditional dances such as Raas and Garba.
Japanese Drums
Japanese drums have a unique sound and are used in various traditional music and dance forms. Some of the most popular Japanese drums include:
- Taiko: A large, circular drum made from wood or synthetic materials, played with sticks or hands.
- Katsuodaiko: A large, shallow drum played with sticks or hands, used in traditional Japanese festivals and processions.
- Odaiko: A large, shallow drum played with sticks or hands, used in Japanese Buddhist rituals and processions.
Understanding the history and cultural significance of percussion instruments used in different cultures can help us appreciate their unique sounds and appreciate the diversity of human culture.
Rare Percussion Pieces
The Xylophone
History of the xylophone
The xylophone is a percussion instrument that has been around for centuries, with origins dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Greece. It was later developed and popularized in the 19th century by orchestral composers, who incorporated it into their works as a solo instrument. Today, the xylophone remains a staple in orchestral and ensemble music, as well as in popular music genres such as jazz and rock.
How to play the xylophone
Playing the xylophone requires precision and dexterity, as the instrument is played by striking the keys with mallets. The keys are arranged in a ascending or descending scale, and the pitch of each key is determined by its size and the material it is made of. To play a note, the musician strikes the corresponding key with the mallet, creating a clear and resonant sound. The xylophone is also capable of producing harmonics and overtones, which can add depth and complexity to the sound.
Famous xylophone pieces
There are many famous pieces of music that feature the xylophone as a solo instrument, including:
- “The Star-Spangled Banner” by Francis Scott Key
- “Petrouchka” by Igor Stravinsky
- “Rhapsody in Blue” by George Gershwin
- “The Sorcerer’s Apprentice” by Paul Dukas
- “Night on Bald Mountain” by Modest Mussorgsky
These pieces showcase the versatility and expressiveness of the xylophone, demonstrating its ability to convey a wide range of emotions and moods.
The Vibraphone
History of the Vibraphone
The vibraphone is a relatively modern percussion instrument, having been invented in the early 20th century. It was first patented in 1921 by the American musician and inventor, Harry Breuer, who was inspired by the sound of a buzzing automobile muffler. Breuer’s initial design consisted of a metal plate with a row of wooden bars, which were mounted on a motor that caused them to vibrate, producing a unique sound. Over the years, the design of the vibraphone has evolved, with improvements made to its construction and mechanics. Today, the vibraphone is a staple of jazz and classical music, with its distinctive sound featuring prominently in many musical genres.
How to Play the Vibraphone
Playing the vibraphone requires a combination of technical skill and artistic expression. The instrument consists of a series of metal bars, which are struck with small mallets to produce sound. The player uses two mallets, one in each hand, to strike the bars in a variety of ways, creating different rhythms and tones. To produce a clear, resonant sound, the player must hold the mallets lightly and strike the bars at the correct angle. The vibraphone also has a pedal that can be used to change the pitch of the notes, allowing the player to perform a wide range of musical styles.
Famous Vibraphone Pieces
The vibraphone has been featured in many famous musical compositions, from jazz standards to classical concertos. Some of the most famous vibraphone pieces include:
- “Take the A Train” by Billy Strayhorn and Freddie Hubbard
- “Afro-Cuban” by Chick Corea
- “Birdland” by Weather Report
- “Django” by John Lewis
- “The Sound of Silence” by Paul Simon
These compositions showcase the versatility and unique sound of the vibraphone, demonstrating why it has become such an important instrument in modern music.
The Marimba
History of the Marimba
The marimba is a percussion instrument that has its roots in Africa and Latin America. It has been used for centuries in traditional music and has evolved over time to become a popular instrument in classical music. The marimba’s unique sound is achieved by striking its keys with mallets, producing a rich and resonant tone.
How to Play the Marimba
Playing the marimba requires a combination of technical skill and musicality. The instrument is typically played with two mallets, one in each hand. The keys are arranged in rows and columns, and the player uses their fingers to adjust the tension of the keys to produce different notes. The mallets are used to strike the keys, and the player uses their wrists and arms to create dynamics and control the volume of the sound.
Famous Marimba Pieces
There are many famous pieces of music that feature the marimba, including orchestral works, concertos, and chamber music. Some of the most well-known marimba pieces include:
- Symphony No. 2 by Vivaldi
- Symphony No. 9 by Beethoven
- Carnival of the Animals by Saint-Saëns
- Rhapsody in Blue by Gershwin
- Marimba Concerto by Ney Rosauro
The marimba’s versatility and unique sound make it a popular choice for composers looking to add a touch of color to their music.
The Glockenspiel
The glockenspiel is a rare and fascinating percussion instrument that is known for its bright and shimmering sound. Its name comes from the German words “Glocke,” meaning bell, and “Spiel,” meaning play.
History of the Glockenspiel
The glockenspiel has a rich history dating back to the 18th century. It was initially used in theater and opera productions, and later became a staple in orchestral music. The modern glockenspiel has evolved over time, with advancements in material and design, but it still retains its unique sound and appeal.
How to Play the Glockenspiel
Playing the glockenspiel requires precision and dexterity. The instrument consists of a series of metal keys that are played with mallets, which are struck against the keys to produce sound. The player must have a good understanding of music theory and be able to read sheet music in order to play the glockenspiel effectively.
Famous Glockenspiel Pieces
There are many famous pieces of music that feature the glockenspiel, including orchestral works, opera, and ballet. Some of the most well-known glockenspiel pieces include “The Nutcracker Suite” by Tchaikovsky, “Das Rheingold” by Wagner, and “Carnival of the Animals” by Saint-Saens.
Overall, the glockenspiel is a unique and fascinating percussion instrument that has a rich history and a distinctive sound. Its intricate design and precise playing technique make it a challenging but rewarding instrument to master.
The Cymbalom
History of the cymbalom
The cymbalom is a percussion instrument that originated in Hungary in the 18th century. It was initially used in military music and later became a popular instrument in classical music. The cymbalom is also known as the “Hungarian dulcimer” and is closely related to the hammered dulcimer.
How to play the cymbalom
The cymbalom is played by striking two metal bars with small hammers, producing a sound similar to a crash cymbal. The instrument is played with both hands, with one hand playing the melody and the other hand playing the accompaniment. The cymbalom is also capable of producing a sustained sound, which is achieved by pressing a pedal that lifts the hammers off the strings.
Famous cymbalom pieces
One of the most famous pieces for cymbalom is the “Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2” by Franz Liszt. Other notable composers who have written music for the cymbalom include Brahms, Bartok, and Kodaly. The cymbalom is also featured in traditional Hungarian folk music, where it is often used to accompany singers.
The Crotales
The crotales is a percussion instrument that is often overlooked, but it has a unique and captivating sound that is worth exploring. The crotales is a set of two small, flat, square-shaped cymbals that are played with a mallet or beater. The crotales is believed to have originated in the Middle East, and it has been used in various musical traditions throughout history.
History of the crotales
The crotales has been around for centuries, and it has been used in various musical traditions throughout history. The crotales was first used in the Middle East, and it later spread to Europe and other parts of the world. The crotales has been used in classical music, jazz, and other genres, and it has been featured in many famous orchestral and chamber works.
How to play the crotales
Playing the crotales requires a good sense of rhythm and timing, as well as a strong technique for controlling the mallet or beater. The crotales is typically played with a mallet or beater, and the player must strike the cymbals at the right time to create the desired sound. The crotales can be played alone or in combination with other percussion instruments, and it can be used to create a wide range of sounds and effects.
Famous crotales pieces
There are many famous pieces of music that feature the crotales, including “The Rite of Spring” by Igor Stravinsky, “The Planets” by Gustav Holst, and “Daphnis et Chloé” by Maurice Ravel. These works showcase the unique sound of the crotales and demonstrate how it can be used to create a wide range of moods and textures.
Overall, the crotales is a fascinating and versatile percussion instrument that is worth exploring. Its unique sound and rich history make it a valuable addition to any percussionist’s arsenal, and its use in many famous works of music demonstrates its enduring appeal.
The Tambourine
History of the Tambourine
The tambourine is a percussion instrument that has been around for centuries, with origins dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. However, the modern tambourine as we know it today began to take shape in Europe during the Middle Ages. It was initially used primarily in religious and theatrical performances, but eventually became a staple in various forms of popular music.
How to Play the Tambourine
Playing the tambourine requires a few simple steps. First, hold the instrument with one hand and use the other hand to strike the ribs of the tambourine with a small drumstick or your fingers. You can also shake the tambourine back and forth to create a steady rhythm. Experiment with different techniques, such as using different parts of your hand or changing the speed of your strikes, to create unique sounds.
Famous Tambourine Pieces
Throughout history, the tambourine has been featured in numerous famous musical compositions. In classical music, it is often used in orchestral and operatic performances. For example, Mozart’s “The Magic Flute” prominently features the tambourine in several of its memorable musical numbers. In popular music, the tambourine has been used in a wide range of genres, from rock and roll to jazz and blues. The Beatles’ “I Want to Hold Your Hand” and Elvis Presley’s “Hound Dog” are just two examples of famous songs that prominently feature the tambourine.
Percussion Instruments in Popular Culture
Percussion Instruments in Music
Percussion instruments have played a significant role in various genres of music, from classical to modern popular music. These instruments are used to create rhythm, add texture, and enhance the overall sound of a song. Here are some of the famous songs that feature percussion instruments:
Classical Music
In classical music, percussion instruments such as timpani, snare drum, and bass drum are often used to provide a rhythmic foundation for the music. For example, in Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture, the timpani is used to create a dramatic effect, while the snare drum and bass drum are used to provide a sense of marching.
Jazz
Jazz music heavily relies on percussion instruments to create a unique sound. In this genre, drum sets are often used to provide a rhythmic foundation, while other percussion instruments such as congas and bongos are used to add texture and flavor to the music.
Rock and Pop Music
In rock and pop music, percussion instruments are used to create a catchy beat and add energy to the music. The drums are often the most prominent percussion instrument in this genre, with drummers using a variety of techniques to create different sounds. For example, in the song “Walking on Sunshine” by Katrina and the Waves, the use of the tambourine creates a catchy and upbeat rhythm.
Hip-Hop and R&B
In hip-hop and R&B music, percussion instruments such as the hi-hat, snare, and bass drum are used to create a distinctive rhythm. These instruments are often used in combination with electronic sounds to create a unique and modern sound. For example, in the song “Uptown Funk” by Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars, the use of the tambourine and clapping sounds adds to the catchy and upbeat rhythm.
Overall, percussion instruments play a vital role in creating the unique sounds and rhythms of different genres of music. Whether it’s the use of a snare drum in jazz or the use of a hi-hat in hip-hop, percussion instruments are an essential element in music production.
Percussion Instruments in Film and Television
The use of percussion instruments in film and television scores
The use of percussion instruments in film and television scores has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Percussion instruments are often used to create tension, excitement, and energy in a scene. For example, in the movie “Jurassic Park,” the use of timpani drums during the Tyrannosaurus Rex attack scene creates a sense of impending doom and heightens the viewer’s heart rate. Similarly, in the television show “Game of Thrones,” the use of banging swords and armor creates a sense of chaos and intensity during battle scenes.
Famous scenes that feature percussion instruments
There are many famous scenes in film and television that feature percussion instruments. One of the most iconic is the opening scene of the movie “2001: A Space Odyssey,” which features a pounding, primal beat that sets the tone for the rest of the film. Another famous scene is the final scene of the movie “Inception,” which features a complex, layered percussion pattern that mirrors the characters’ complex thoughts and emotions. In television, the opening credits of the show “SpongeBob SquarePants” feature a playful, upbeat percussion score that captures the show’s lighthearted, whimsical tone.
Percussion Instruments in Dance
The use of percussion instruments in different types of dance
The use of percussion instruments in dance dates back to ancient civilizations, where drums and other percussion instruments were used in religious rituals and ceremonies. Over time, the use of percussion instruments in dance has evolved and expanded to include a wide variety of musical styles and genres.
In modern dance, percussion instruments are often used to create a rhythmic foundation for the movement. This can be seen in many different types of dance, including hip-hop, salsa, and African dance. In these styles, the percussion instruments provide a driving beat that the dancers move to, creating a dynamic and energetic performance.
Famous dance routines that feature percussion instruments
There are many famous dance routines that feature percussion instruments, showcasing the unique sounds and rhythms of these instruments. One example is the “Conga” routine from the musical “On Your Feet!”, which features a large ensemble of dancers performing a high-energy conga line to the beat of the conga drums.
Another example is the “Bhangra” routine from the Bollywood film “Bhaag Milkha Bhaag”, which showcases the traditional Punjabi dance style accompanied by the energetic beat of the dhol drum.
Overall, the use of percussion instruments in dance plays a crucial role in creating a dynamic and engaging performance, showcasing the unique sounds and rhythms of these instruments.
Playing Percussion Instruments
Tips for Beginners
Holding the instruments properly
- Hold the instrument with the correct grip and posture
- Ensure the instrument is stable and secure while playing
- Adjust the instrument to fit your body size and playing style
Basic rhythms and beats
- Start with simple rhythms and gradually increase complexity
- Practice with a metronome to improve timing and accuracy
- Experiment with different beats and time signatures
Practice techniques
- Develop good habits such as proper hand positioning and finger control
- Focus on building strength and endurance in your fingers and wrists
- Practice with different dynamics and articulation for a more expressive performance
These tips will help beginners to develop good playing habits and techniques, allowing them to progress in their percussion skills and achieve a more expressive and nuanced performance.
Advanced Techniques
When it comes to playing percussion instruments, there are several advanced techniques that can take your playing to the next level. Here are some of the most important ones:
Polyrhythms
Polyrhythms are rhythms that combine two or more different rhythms in a repeating cycle. This technique requires a high level of rhythmic accuracy and timing, as well as a good understanding of music theory. To play a polyrhythm, you need to play one rhythm against another, shifting the time signature in a regular pattern.
Syncopation
Syncopation is a rhythmic technique that involves accenting the off-beats or weak beats in a measure. This creates a sense of tension and release, and can add a lot of energy to your playing. To play with syncopation, you need to practice playing with a swing feel, and to experiment with different rhythmic patterns and grooves.
Rolling
Rolling is a technique that involves playing two notes on a drum or cymbal in rapid succession. This creates a “rolling” sound that can add a lot of energy and interest to your playing. To play with rolling, you need to practice playing the notes in a smooth and even rhythm, using your wrist and finger control to shape the sound.
Finger control
Finger control is a technique that involves using your fingers to shape the sound of your instrument. This can include using different fingerings to produce different tones, as well as using finger pressure and articulation to create different sounds and effects. To develop your finger control, you need to practice using your fingers in a precise and controlled way, and to experiment with different techniques and sounds.
Percussion Ensembles
History of Percussion Ensembles
Percussion ensembles have a rich and diverse history, with roots dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and China. These early ensembles consisted of a variety of percussion instruments, including drums, cymbals, and gongs, and were often used in religious and ceremonial contexts.
Types of Percussion Ensembles
Today, there are many different types of percussion ensembles, each with its own unique style and repertoire. Some of the most common types of percussion ensembles include:
- Marimba Ensembles: These ensembles typically feature a variety of marimbas, along with other percussion instruments such as xylophones, timpani, and snare drums.
- Steel Drum Ensembles: Steel drum ensembles, also known as steel pan bands, use a variety of steel drums in different keys and sizes to create a wide range of musical styles.
- Afro-Cuban Ensembles: These ensembles feature a variety of percussion instruments from Latin America and the Caribbean, including congas, bongos, and timbales.
- Jazz Ensembles: Jazz percussion ensembles often feature a variety of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments, along with a wide range of melodic instruments such as saxophones and trumpets.
Famous Percussion Ensemble Pieces
There are many famous pieces of music written specifically for percussion ensembles. Some of the most well-known include:
- The Blue Max by Dana Wilson
- Cantaloupe Island by Herbie Hancock
- A Kiss for Poulenc by John Cage
- Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saëns
- Einhorn by Jacob Druckman
These pieces showcase the versatility and creativity of percussion ensembles, and are enjoyed by audiences around the world.
Percussion Instrument Care and Maintenance
Maintaining percussion instruments is essential to ensure they produce the best possible sound and remain in good condition for a long time. Here are some key aspects of percussion instrument care and maintenance:
Cleaning and maintaining percussion instruments
Regular cleaning is crucial to prevent the buildup of dirt, dust, and residue that can affect the sound and condition of the instrument. The cleaning process will vary depending on the type of percussion instrument. For example, drumheads should be cleaned with a soft, dry cloth to avoid damage to the surface. Meanwhile, metallic percussion instruments like cymbals can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap solution.
In addition to regular cleaning, it’s important to inspect the instrument for any signs of wear or damage. For instance, if you notice cracks or dents in the surface of a drum or cymbal, it’s important to address these issues promptly to prevent further damage.
Replacing parts and accessories
Over time, parts and accessories of percussion instruments may wear out or become damaged. In such cases, it’s necessary to replace them to maintain the instrument’s performance. For example, drumsticks can wear down over time, and it’s essential to replace them regularly to maintain the correct tension and sound. Similarly, cymbal felts may need to be replaced to ensure the cymbal produces the desired sound when struck.
It’s important to choose parts and accessories that are of high quality and compatible with the instrument. For instance, it’s essential to use drumheads that are suitable for the drum size and type to ensure the right tension and sound.
Storing percussion instruments safely
Proper storage is crucial to ensure that percussion instruments remain in good condition and ready for use when needed. It’s important to store the instruments in a dry, clean, and cool environment away from direct sunlight and moisture. Drums and cymbals should be stored vertically to prevent the drumheads from sagging, while tom-toms and snare drums should be placed horizontally.
Additionally, it’s important to check that the instrument is not too heavy for the stand or mount it’s stored on, as this can cause damage over time. It’s also important to keep the instrument covered to protect it from dust and scratches.
Overall, proper care and maintenance of percussion instruments are essential to ensure they produce the best possible sound and remain in good condition for a long time. By following these guidelines, percussionists can ensure that their instruments remain in top condition and ready for use whenever they need them.
FAQs
1. What are some common percussion instruments?
There are many common percussion instruments, including drums, cymbals, snare drums, tambourines, maracas, bongos, and xylophones. These instruments are commonly used in various genres of music, from rock and pop to jazz and classical.
2. What are some rare percussion instruments?
There are many rare percussion instruments that are not commonly used in most music genres. Some examples include the djembé, dumbek, gong, tabla, and timbales. These instruments are often used in traditional or folk music from specific cultures or regions.
3. How are percussion instruments played?
Percussion instruments are typically played with the hands, sticks, or mallets. The method of playing the instrument depends on the type of instrument and the desired sound. For example, drums are usually played with sticks, while cymbals are played with the hands.
4. What is the difference between a drum set and a drum kit?
A drum set and a drum kit refer to the same thing. It is a collection of drums and other percussion instruments that are set up to be played by a drummer. A drum set typically includes a bass drum, snare drum, and one or more tom-toms.
5. How can I learn to play percussion instruments?
Learning to play percussion instruments can be done through private lessons with a music teacher or by practicing on your own using instructional materials. It is important to have a good sense of rhythm and to be able to keep a steady beat. Many people also find it helpful to practice along with recordings of music to get a feel for the right sounds and techniques.
